Imiyoboro minini y'icyuma (ubusanzwe yerekeza ku miyoboro y'icyuma ifite umurambararo wo hanze wa ≥114mm, hamwe na ≥200mm isobanurwa ko ari minini mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, bitewe n'amahame y'inganda) ikoreshwa cyane mu bice by'ingenzi birimo "ubwikorezi bw'ibikoresho binini," "inkunga ikomeye mu by'ubwubatsi," na "imimerere y'umuvuduko mwinshi" bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi, ubushobozi bwo gutemba cyane, no kudahura n'ingaruka zikomeye.
Ingufu ni zo zikoreshwa cyane ku miyoboro minini y'icyuma. Ibisabwa by'ingenzi birimo umuvuduko mwinshi, intera ndende, no kurwanya ingese. Iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa mu gutwara ingufu z'ingenzi nka peteroli, gaze karemano, amakara n'amashanyarazi.
1. Gutwara peteroli na gaze: "Aorta" y'imiyoboro ikora intera ndende
Ikoreshwa: Imiyoboro ya peteroli na gazi ihuza uturere (nk'umuyoboro wa gaze w'Iburengerazuba n'umuyoboro wa gaze karemano w'Ubushinwa n'Uburusiya), imiyoboro yo gukusanya no gutwara imbere mu bibanza bya peteroli, n'imiyoboro ya peteroli/gaze yo ku mbuga za peteroli na gazi zo mu nyanja.
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'icyuma: Mbere na mbere imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu buryo bw'umwuka (LSAW) n'imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu buryo bw'umwuka (SSAW), hamwe n'imiyoboro y'icyuma idahindagurika (nk'urugero rwa API 5L X80/X90) ikoreshwa mu bice bimwe na bimwe bifite umuvuduko mwinshi.
Ibisabwa by'ingenzi: Kwihanganira igitutu kinini cya 10-15 MPa (imiyoboro y'amazi karemano), kurwanya ingese y'ubutaka (imiyoboro yo ku nkombe), no kurwanya ingese y'amazi yo mu nyanja (imiyoboro yo ku nkombe). Uburebure bw'umuyoboro umwe bushobora kugera kuri metero 12-18 kugira ngo ugabanye imiyoboro yo gusudira no kugabanya ibyago byo kuva. Ingero zisanzwe: Umuyoboro wa Gazi Kamere w'Ubushinwa n'Uburusiya w'Iburasirazuba (umuyoboro munini cyane ukoresha intera ndende mu Bushinwa, hamwe n'ibice bimwe na bimwe bikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite umurambararo wa mm 1422), n'umuyoboro wa peteroli wambukiranya umupaka wa Saudi Arabia-UAE (imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite mm 1200 no hejuru).
2. Inganda z'amashanyarazi: "Inzira y'ingufu" z'inganda zikora ingufu z'ubushyuhe/iza kirimbuzi
Mu rwego rw'ingufu zikoreshwa mu bushyuhe, iyi miyoboro ikoreshwa mu "miyoboro ine minini" (imiyoboro minini y'umwuka, imiyoboro ishyushya umwuka, imiyoboro y'amazi y'ingenzi, n'imiyoboro ishyushya ifite umuvuduko mwinshi) kugira ngo itware umwuka ushyushye cyane kandi ufite umuvuduko mwinshi (ubushyuhe bwa 300-600°C n'umuvuduko wa 10-30 MPa).
Mu rwego rw'ingufu za kirimbuzi, imiyoboro y'icyuma yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku birwa bya kirimbuzi (nk'imiyoboro ikonjesha ya reactor) ikenera ubudahangarwa bukomeye bw'imirasire n'ubudahangarwa bwo gukurura. Imiyoboro y'icyuma kidashonga ya Austenitic (nk'iya ASME SA312 TP316LN) ikunze gukoreshwa. Inkunga nshya y'ingufu: "Imiyoboro y'imiyoboro ya Collector Line" (irinda insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi) ku byuma bitanga amashanyarazi ya photovoltaic/wind, n'imiyoboro itwara hydrogen ikora kure (imwe mu mishinga y'igerageza ikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma irwanya ingese ya 300-800mm Φ).
Ibisabwa mu rwego rw'umujyi bibanda ku "amazi menshi atemba, kubungabunga bike, no guhuza n'ibidukikije byo munsi y'ubutaka/ubuso bw'umujyi." Intego nyamukuru ni ugutuma abaturage batanga amazi n'amazi meza ndetse n'imikorere y'imijyi.
1. Ubuhanga mu gutanga amazi n'imiyoboro y'amazi: Imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu mijyi itwara amazi/imiyoboro y'amazi
Imikoreshereze y'amazi: "Imiyoboro y'amazi idakora" iva mu masoko y'amazi yo mu mijyi (ibigega, imigezi) ijya mu nganda z'amazi, na "imiyoboro y'amazi yo mu mijyi" iva mu nganda z'amazi ijya mu mijyi, bisaba gutwara amazi ya robine menshi (urugero: imiyoboro y'icyuma ya 600-2000mm Φ).
Imikoreshereze y'amazi: "Imiyoboro y'amazi y'imvura" yo mu mujyi (yo kugabanya amazi y'imvura aterwa n'imvura nyinshi) n'"imiyoboro y'amazi y'imvura" (yo kujyana amazi y'imyanda yo mu ngo/inganda mu nganda zisukura imyanda). Imwe ikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma idakira ingese (urugero: imiyoboro y'icyuma ipfundikiye pulasitiki n'imiyoboro y'icyuma ipfundikiye sima).
Ibyiza: Ugereranyije n'imiyoboro ya sima, imiyoboro y'icyuma ni yoroshye, irwanya kugabanuka kw'amazi (ihuza n'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'imijyi), kandi itanga uburyo bwiza bwo kuziba ingingo (irinda amazi y'imyanda no kwanduza ubutaka).
2. Ahantu ho kubungabunga amazi: Gukwirakwiza amazi hagati y'ibiyaga no kurwanya umwuzure
Ikoreshwa: Imishinga yo kohereza amazi hagati y’ibibaya (nk'"Umuyoboro w'Umugezi w'Umuhondo" w'Umushinga wo Kuyobya Amazi ugana mu Majyepfo ugana mu Majyaruguru), imiyoboro yo kuyobya amazi n'imiyoboro yo kuvoma amazi ku bigega/sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi, n'imiyoboro yo kuyobya amazi mu mijyi yo kurwanya imyuzure no kuvoma amazi.
Ibisabwa bisanzwe: Kwihanganira guhungabana kw'amazi (umuvuduko w'amazi wa metero 2-5/s), kwihanganira umuvuduko w'amazi (imiyoboro imwe y'amazi maremare igomba kwihanganira umuvuduko w'umutwe urenga metero 10), n'umurambararo urenga mm 3000 (urugero, umuyoboro w'icyuma wa mm 3200 ukorera kuri sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi).
Urwego rw'inganda rufite ibyo rukeneye bitandukanye, aho ibanze ari "guhuza n'imimerere ikomeye no kubahiriza ibisabwa mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu," bikubiyemo inganda nka metallurgie, chemicals, na mashini.
1. Inganda z'ibyuma/ibyuma: Gutwara ibikoresho bishyushye cyane
Imikoreshereze: "Imiyoboro ya gaze y'ifuru" y'inganda z'ibyuma (itwara gaze ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, 200-400°C), "imiyoboro y'amazi ikonjesha ikorwa mu byuma no mu buryo buhoraho" (ikonjesha ry'ibyuma rikorwa mu buryo bwinshi), na "imiyoboro y'amazi ikonjesha" (itwara ubushyuhe bw'icyuma).
Ibisabwa ku miyoboro y'icyuma: Ubudahangarwa ku bushyuhe bwinshi bwo kuzura (ku miyoboro ya gazi) no kudahangarwa (ku byuma birimo uduce duto, imiyoboro y'icyuma idahangarwa irakenewe). Ubusanzwe, umurambararo uri hagati ya mm 200 na 1000.
2. Inganda zikora imiti/ibikomoka kuri peteroli: Gutwara itangazamakuru ryangiza
Imikoreshereze: Imiyoboro y'ibikoresho fatizo mu nganda zikora imiti (nk'ibisubizo bya aside na alkali, imiti ihumanya ikirere), imiyoboro y'ibikoresho byo gukata ibintu mu nganda zikora peteroli (amavuta na gaze bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko mwinshi), n'imiyoboro isohora amazi mu bigega (imiyoboro minini isohora amazi mu bigega binini).
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro y'icyuma: Imiyoboro y'icyuma irwanya ingese (nk'icyuma cya 316L kitarangirika) n'imiyoboro y'icyuma ikozwe muri pulasitiki cyangwa rubber (ku bikoresho byangiza cyane) ni yo ikoreshwa cyane. Imiyoboro imwe n'imwe ifite umuvuduko mwinshi ikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite umuvuduko wa mm 150-500 idakora neza.
3. Imashini ziremereye: Inkunga y'inyubako na sisitemu y'amazi
Imikoreshereze: Imbuto za silindiri za hydraulic mu mashini z'ubwubatsi (imashini zicukura n'imashini zikoresha cranes) (imwe mu mashini nini zikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite umugozi wa mm 100-300), imiyoboro y'icyuma ishyigikira igitanda mu bikoresho binini by'imashini, n'imiyoboro yo kurinda urwego rw'imbere/insinga (mm 150-300) mu minara y'umuyaga yo mu nyanja.
Mu mishinga minini y’ibikorwa remezo nk’ibiraro, imiyoboro y’amazi, n’ibibuga by’indege, imiyoboro minini y’icyuma ntabwo ikora nk’ “imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi” gusa ahubwo inakora nk’ “ibice by’imiterere” bitwara imizigo cyangwa bitanga uburinzi.
1. Ubuhanga mu by'Ikiraro: Inkingi z'Icyuma cyuzuye sima Inkingi z'Icyuma/Izingo z'Ikiraro
Imikoreshereze: "Imbavu z'ingenzi" z'ibiraro birebire by'inkuta (nk'ikiraro cya Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River, gikoresha imbavu z'icyuma za 1200-1600mm Φ zuzuye sima zuzuye sima, zihuza imbaraga zo gukurura z'imiyoboro y'icyuma n'imbaraga zo gukanda za sima), n' "amaboko yo kurinda" y'inkuta z'inkuta z'inkuta (zirinda inkuta z'amazi isuri).
Ibyiza: Ugereranyije na sima isanzwe ikoreshwa mu byuma, inyubako z'icyuma zikozwe muri sima zoroshye, zoroshye kubaka (zishobora gutegurwa mu nganda no guteranyirizwa aho zikorera), kandi zifite uburebure burebure (kugeza kuri metero 500 cyangwa zirenga).
2. Imiyoboro y'amazi n'inzira ya gari ya moshi: Guhumeka no kurinda insinga
Imikoreshereze y'imiyoboro y'amazi: "Imiyoboro y'amazi ahumeka" (ku mwuka mwiza, ufite umurambararo wa mm 800-1500) mu miyoboro y'amazi minini/gari ya moshi, na "Imiyoboro y'amazi y'umuriro" (ku mazi menshi asohoka mu miyoboro y'amazi).
Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi: "Imiyoboro yo kurinda insinga munsi y'ubutaka" (yo kurinda insinga zifite amashanyarazi menshi, zimwe zikozwe mu miyoboro y'icyuma ifite uburebure bwa mm 200-400) mu nzira za gari ya moshi zigenda munsi y'ubutaka/sisitemu za gari ya moshi zigenda vuba, na "Catenary Column Casings" (inkingi z'icyuma zishyigikira umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi).
3. Ibibuga by'indege/ibyambu: Imiyoboro yihariye
Ibibuga by'indege: "Imiyoboro y'amazi y'imvura" (ubugari bunini bwa mm 600-1200) ku bibuga by'indege kugira ngo hirindwe ubwinshi bw'amazi yo ku kibuga cy'indege n'ingaruka ku bibuga by'indege biguruka n'aho bigwa, na "Imiyoboro Mikuru y'amazi ikonjesha akoresha umwuka" (ku bibuga by'indege bigenzura ubushyuhe) mu nyubako za terminale.
Ibyambu: "Imiyoboro yo kohereza amavuta" (ihuza amatanki n'ibigega byo kubikamo, itwara amavuta ya peteroli/ibikomoka kuri peteroli bisukuye, bifite umurambararo wa mm 300-800) ku byambu, na "Imiyoboro ya Bulk Cargo" (yo gutwara imizigo myinshi nk'amakara n'amabuye y'agaciro).
Inganda za Gisirikare: "imiyoboro ikonjesha amazi yo mu nyanja" y'ubwato bw'intambara (irwanya ingese y'amazi yo mu nyanja), "imiyoboro y'amazi" y'ikigega cy'amazi (imiyoboro minini ifite umuvuduko mwinshi), n'imiyoboro itera ibisasu bya misile "ishyigikira imiyoboro y'icyuma."
Ubushakashatsi ku bya Jewolojiya: "Ibisanduku" by'amariba yo mu mazi maremare (birinda urukuta rw'iriba kandi bikarinda gusenyuka, bimwe bikoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma ya Φ300-500mm idakora neza), "imiyoboro y'amariba yo mu bwoko bwa shale" (ku bijyanye no kugeza amazi ashyushye cyane).
Kuhira mu buhinzi: "imiyoboro minini yo kuhira" (nk'imiyoboro y'amazi yo kuhira ikoreshwa mu kuhira mu gace k'amajyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'amajyaruguru, ifite umurambararo wa Φ200-600mm).
ITSINDA RY'UBUFARANSA
Aderesi
Agace k'inganda ziteza imbere Kangsheng,
Intara ya Wuqing, umujyi wa Tianjin, Ubushinwa.
Amasaha
Kuwa mbere-Ku cyumweru: Serivisi y'amasaha 24
Igihe cyo kohereza: 19 Nzeri 2025