Mu bwubatsi bugezweho, ubwikorezi, inganda, n'ubuhanga mu by'ingufu,imiterere y'icyuma, hamwe n'inyungu ebyiri zayo haba mu bikoresho no mu miterere, yabaye ingenzi mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ry'ubuhanga. Ikoresheje icyuma nk'ibikoresho byayo by'ingenzi bitwara imizigo, irenga imbogamizi z'inyubako gakondo binyuze mu gukora inganda no gushyiraho modular, itanga ibisubizo byiza ku mishinga myinshi igoye.
Ibisobanuro n'imiterere y'imiterere y'icyuma
Imiterere y'icyuma yerekeza ku buryo bw'imiterere butwara imizigo bugizwe naamasahani y'icyuma, ibice by'icyuma (Imirasire ya H, Imiyoboro ya U, icyuma cy'inguni, nibindi), n'imiyoboro y'icyuma, ifashwe binyuze mu gusudira, bolts zikomeye, cyangwa rivets. Ishingiro ryayo ni ugukoresha imbaraga nyinshi n'ubukomere bw'icyuma kugira ngo gishobore kwimura imizigo ihagaze neza (uburemere bukabije n'uburemere bw'ibikoresho) n'imizigo itambitse (umuyaga n'imitingito) kuva ku nyubako cyangwa umushinga kugeza ku rufatiro rwayo, bigatuma inyubako ikomera. Ugereranyije n'inyubako za sima, inyungu nyamukuru y'inyubako z'icyuma iri mu miterere yazo ya mekanike: imbaraga zazo zo gukurura zishobora kugera kuri MPa irenga 345, inshuro zirenga 10 z'iza sima isanzwe; kandi plastike yazo nziza ituma zishobora kwangirika munsi y'imizigo zidacika, bitanga icyizere cy'umutekano w'inyubako kabiri. Iyi miterere ituma zidasimburwa mu bihe binini, birebire, kandi bifite imitwaro iremereye.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'inyubako z'ibyuma
(I) Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere y'imiterere
Imiterere y'Urukuta rw'Irembo: Uru rukuta, rugizwe n'inkingi n'imigozi, rukora urufatiro rumeze nk'urw'irembo, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kurushyigikira. Rukwiriye inganda, ububiko bw'ibikoresho, amaduka manini, n'izindi nyubako. Uburebure busanzwe buri hagati ya metero 15 na 30, hamwe n'uburebure burenga metero 40. Ibice bishobora gutegurwa mu nganda, bigatuma bishyirwa mu mwanya wabyo mu minsi 15 kugeza 30 gusa. Urugero, ububiko bwa JD.com bwa Asia No. 1 Logistics Park bukoresha ubwoko bw'inyubako.
Imiterere y'Inkuta: Iyi nyubako igizwe n'inkoni zigororotse zihujwe n'amapfundo kugira ngo zikore ishusho y'impandeshatu cyangwa trapezoidal. Inkoni zikoreshwa gusa n'imbaraga z'imirongo, zikoresha imbaraga z'icyuma. Inyubako z'Inkuta zikunze gukoreshwa mu bisenge bya sitade no mu bice by'ibiraro. Urugero, kuvugurura Sitade y'Abakozi ya Beijing hakoreshejwe inyubako y'Inkuta kugira ngo igere ku burebure bwa metero 120 ku ntambi.
Imiterere y'inkingi: Sisitemu y'ahantu ikozwe n'inkingi n'imitako ihuza neza itanga igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubutaka cyoroshye kandi ni yo mahitamo asanzwe ku nyubako ndende z'ibiro n'amahoteli.
Imiterere y'urukuta: Urukuta rugizwe n'ibice byinshi, akenshi rufite impande eshatu n'ibice kare, rutanga ubuziranenge bukomeye kandi rurwanya imitingito neza. Rukoreshwa cyane mu bibuga by'indege no mu bigo biberamo amakoraniro.
(II) Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere y'umutwaro
Ibice bihinduka: Bigaragazwa n'imiringa, ibi bice bihangana n'ibihe byo kunama, hejuru no hasi. Akenshi bikoresha ibice bya H cyangwa ibice by'agasanduku bisutswe, nk'imiringa y'imashini mu nganda, kandi bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu mbaraga no mu kwirinda umunaniro.
Ibice bishyizwemo umugongo: Ibi bice bishyirwamo umugongo/gukanda gusa, nk'imigozi y'imigozi n'imigozi. Imigozi y'imigozi igenewe imbaraga, mu gihe imigozi yo gukanda isaba kudahungabana. Imiyoboro izengurutse cyangwa ibice by'icyuma bikunze gukoreshwa. Ibice bishyizwemo umugongo: Ibi bishyirwamo imbaraga z'imigozi n'ibihe byo guhindagurika, nk'inkingi z'umugongo. Bitewe n'uburyo umutwaro ugaragara ku mpera z'umugongo, ibice bingana (nk'inkingi z'agasanduku) birakenewe kugira ngo imbaraga n'imiterere y'imigozi bihure neza.
Ibyiza by'ingenzi by'inyubako z'icyuma
(I) Imiterere myiza ya mekanike
Ingufu nyinshi n'uburemere buke ni byo byiza by'ingenzi by'inyubako z'icyuma. Ku buremere runaka, uburemere bw'icyuma bungana na 1/3-1/5 gusa ugereranije n'ubw'icyuma cya sima. Urugero, icyuma gifite metero 30 gipima ibiro bigera kuri 50/m, mu gihe icyuma gifite ibiro birenga 200/m. Ibi ntibigabanya gusa ikiguzi cy'urufatiro (ku kigero cya 20%-30%) ahubwo binagabanya ingaruka z'imitingito, binoza umutekano w'imitingito.
(II) Imirimo yo kubaka neza cyane
Ibice birenga 90% by'ibyuma bikorerwa mu nganda zifite imiterere ihamye ya milimetero. Gushyiramo ibikoresho mu nyubako bisaba kuzamura no guhuza ibikoresho gusa. Urugero, inyubako y'ibiro by'icyuma ifite amagorofa 10 ifata amezi 6-8 gusa kuva aho ibikoresho bikorerwa kugeza irangiye, bikaba bigabanya igihe cyo kubaka kigera kuri 40% ugereranije n'inyubako ya sima. Urugero, umushinga w'amazu y'ibyuma ukorerwa mu nyubako ya Shenzhen wageze ku muvuduko w'ubwubatsi wa "gorofa imwe buri minsi irindwi," bigabanya cyane ikiguzi cy'abakozi bakorerwaga mu nyubako.
(III) Ubudahangarwa bukomeye bw'imitingito no kuramba kwayo
Ubukomere bw'icyuma butuma inyubako z'icyuma zishobora gutakaza ingufu binyuze mu guhindagurika kw'ingufu mu gihe cy'imitingito. Urugero, mu gihe cy'umutingito wa Wenchuan wo mu 2008, uruganda rw'inyubako z'icyuma rwo muri Chengdu rwagize ikibazo cyo guhindagurika guke kandi nta ngaruka zo gusenyuka. Byongeye kandi, nyuma yo kuvurwa no kurwanya ingese (gusiga ibyuma no gusiga), icyuma gishobora kugira ubuzima bw'imyaka 50-100, amafaranga yo kugitunganya ari make cyane ugereranyije n'inyubako za sima.
(IV) Kurengera ibidukikije no kubibungabunga
Igipimo cy’ibyuma byo kongera gukoresha ibyuma bikoreshwa mu kongera gukoresha ibyuma kirenga 90%, bigatuma bisubizwamo ifuru no gutunganywa nyuma yo gusenywa, bigakuraho umwanda w’imyanda y’ubwubatsi. Byongeye kandi, kubaka ibyuma ntibisaba ifishi cyangwa gusana, bisaba gukora akazi gake cyane mu gihe cy’amazi, kandi bikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero kirenga 60% ugereranije n’inyubako za sima, bihuye n’amahame y’inyubako zikoreshwa mu buryo bw’icyatsi kibisi. Urugero, nyuma yo gusenya aho Ice Cube yabereye mu mikino Olempike y’itumba ya Beijing yo mu 2022, bimwe mu bice byakoreshejwe mu yindi mishinga, bituma umutungo ukoreshwa usubira gukoreshwa.
Gukoresha cyane ibyuma
(I) Ubwubatsi
Inyubako za leta: Sitade, ibibuga by'indege, ahantu habera amakoraniro n'imurikagurisha, n'ibindi, byishingikiriza ku nyubako z'icyuma kugira ngo bigere ku buso bunini n'ibishushanyo mbonera binini.
Inyubako zo guturamo: Inzu zubatswe mu byuma zirimo gukundwa cyane kandi zishobora kuzuza ibisabwa ku mazu yihariye.
Inyubako z'ubucuruzi: Inyubako z'ibiro ndende cyane n'amaduka, zikoresha inyubako z'ibyuma kugira ngo zigere ku miterere igoye no kubaka neza.
(II) Ubwikorezi
Ubwubatsi bw'ibiraro: Ibiraro byambukiranya inyanja n'ibiraro bya gari ya moshi. Ibiraro by'ibyuma bitanga uburebure bunini kandi birwanya umuyaga mwinshi n'imitingito.
Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi: Ibisenge bya sitasiyo ya gari ya moshi n'imiringoti yoroheje ya gari ya moshi.
(III) Inganda
Inganda: Inganda zikora imashini zikomeye n'inganda zikora ibyuma. Inyubako z'ibyuma zishobora kwihanganira ibikoresho byinshi kandi zigatuma ibikoresho bihinduka nyuma.
Ibikoresho byo kubikamo ibintu: Ibigega by'ubukonje n'ibigo by'ibikoresho. Inyubako z'umuyoboro w'inyuma zujuje ibisabwa mu kubika ibintu binini kandi zihuse kubakwa no gukora vuba.
(IV) Ingufu
Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi: Inyubako nkuru z'uruganda rutanga amashanyarazi ashyushye n'iminara yo kohereza amashanyarazi. Inyubako z'ibyuma zikwiriye imitwaro myinshi n'ahantu hakomereye ho hanze. Ingufu nshya: Iminara ya turbine y'umuyaga na sisitemu zo gushyiramo amashanyarazi aturutse ku bushyuhe bw'izuba ifite inyubako zoroheje z'icyuma kugira ngo byoroshye gutwara no gushyiraho, bifasha iterambere ry'ingufu zisukuye.
Twandikire kugira ngo umenye byinshi ku nyubako z'ibyuma.
ITSINDA RY'UBUFARANSA
Aderesi
Agace k'inganda ziteza imbere Kangsheng,
Intara ya Wuqing, umujyi wa Tianjin, Ubushinwa.
Amasaha
Kuwa mbere-Ku cyumweru: Serivisi y'amasaha 24
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Nzeri 2025