Imiterere y'ibyumazikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byubwubatsi kubera ibyiza byazo, nkimbaraga nyinshi, ubwubatsi bwihuse, hamwe no kurwanya imitingito myiza. Ubwoko butandukanye bwibyuma bikwiranye nuburyo butandukanye bwo kubaka, kandi ubunini bwibikoresho fatizo nabwo buratandukanye. Guhitamo ibyuma bikwiye byubaka nibyingenzi mukubaka ubwiza nibikorwa. Ibisobanuro bikurikira biranga ubwoko bwibyuma bisanzwe, ingano yibikoresho, hamwe ningingo zingenzi zatoranijwe.
Imiyoboro yicyuma
Ikaramu yicyumani ibyuma byubatswe bigizwe n'inkingi z'ibyuma. Igishushanyo mbonera cyabo kiroroshye, hamwe no gusobanura neza imitwaro, itanga imikorere myiza yubukungu kandi ifatika. Iyi miterere itanga inzira isobanutse yo kwimura, itwara neza imitwaro ihagaritse kandi itambitse. Biroroshye kandi kubaka no gushiraho, hamwe nigihe gito cyo kubaka.
Kubijyanye no kubishyira mu bikorwa, ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bikwiranye cyane cyane ninyubako zo hasi, nk'inganda zo hasi, ububiko, n'amahugurwa. Izi nyubako mubisanzwe zisaba umwanya runaka ariko ntabwo zifite uburebure burebure. Ikaramu yicyuma yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa, itanga umwanya uhagije wo gukora no kubika.
Ikaramu
A ikarisoni icyuma gitandukanya icyuma kigizwe ninkingi zibyuma. Bitandukanye nuburyo buringaniye bwikibanza, icyuma kigizwe na sisitemu yuburyo butatu, itanga ihinduka ryinshi muri rusange hamwe no guhangana kuruhande. Irashobora kubakwa mumagorofa menshi cyangwa hejuru-yubatswe hejuru ukurikije ibyubatswe, ihuza nibisabwa bitandukanye n'uburebure.
Bitewe nuburyo bwiza bwubatswe, amakadiri yicyuma arakwiriye kubwinyubako zifite uburebure bunini cyangwa uburebure burebure, nk'inyubako y'ibiro, amazu yo guhahiramo, amahoteri, hamwe n’ibigo by’inama. Muri izo nyubako, amakadiri y'ibyuma ntabwo yujuje gusa ibisabwa ahantu hanini hagaragara ariko nanone yorohereza ishyirwaho ry'ibikoresho no kunyuza imiyoboro mu nyubako.
Ibyuma bya Truss
Icyuma cy'icyuma ni imiterere igizwe n'ibice byinshi (nk'icyuma gifata inguni, ibyuma byo mu muyoboro, na I-beam) byateguwe mu buryo bwihariye (urugero, inyabutatu, trapezoidal, cyangwa polygonal). Abanyamuryango bayo bafite cyane cyane impagarara cyangwa kwikuramo, gutanga kugabura imitwaro iringaniye, gukoresha imbaraga zose hamwe no kuzigama ibyuma.
Imiyoboro y'icyuma ifite ubushobozi bukomeye kandi ikwiranye ninyubako zisaba umwanya munini, nka stade, amazu yimurikabikorwa, hamwe n’ibibuga byindege. Muri stade, ibyuma byicyuma birashobora gukora inyubako nini yinzu hejuru yinzu, yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa muri salle hamwe n’ahantu habera amarushanwa. Mu mazu yimurikabikorwa hamwe n’ikibuga cy’indege, ibyuma bitanga ibyuma byizewe byubatswe ahantu hagaragara hagaragara no kunyura abanyamaguru.
Umuyoboro w'icyuma
Urusobekerane rwicyuma nuburyo butandukanye bugizwe nabanyamuryango benshi bahujwe nu murongo muburyo bwihariye bwa gride (nka mpandeshatu zisanzwe, kare, na hexagons isanzwe). Itanga ibyiza nkimbaraga zidasanzwe, imbaraga zidasanzwe zo guhangana na seisimike, gukomera gukomeye, hamwe no gutuza gukomeye. Ubwoko bwabanyamuryango bonyine bworoshya umusaruro wuruganda no gushiraho kurubuga.
Imiyoboro y'ibyuma irakwiriye cyane cyane kubisenge cyangwa kurukuta, nk'ibyumba byo gutegereza, ibisenge, n'ibisenge binini by'uruganda. Mu byumba byo gutegereza, ibisenge by'icyuma gishobora gukwirakwiza ahantu hanini, bigatanga ahantu heza ho gutegereza abagenzi. Muri kanyoni, ibyuma bya gride byubaka biroroshye kandi birashimishije muburyo bwiza, mugihe bihanganira neza imitwaro karemano nkumuyaga nimvura.
- Imiyoboro yicyuma
Inkingi z'ibyuma n'ibiti by'urubuga rusanzwe byubakishijwe ibyuma bya H. Ingano yizi nkingi igenwa nibintu nkuburebure bwinyubako, uburebure, nuburemere. Muri rusange, ku nganda zo hasi cyangwa ububiko bufite uburebure bwa metero 12-24 n'uburebure bwa metero 4-6, inkingi zicyuma cya H zisanzwe ziva kuri H300 × 150 × 6.5 × 9 kugeza H500 × 200 × 7 × 11; ibiti bisanzwe biva kuri H350 × 175 × 7 × 11 kugeza H600 × 200 × 8 × 12. Rimwe na rimwe bifite imitwaro yo hasi, I-shusho yicyuma cyangwa umuyoboro wibyuma birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho bifasha. Icyuma kimeze nka I gisanzwe gifite ubunini kuva I14 kugeza I28, mugihe ibyuma byumuyoboro bifite ubunini kuva kuri 12 kugeza kuri 20.
- Amashanyarazi
Amakadiri yicyuma akoresha cyane cyane H-igice cyicyuma cyinkingi zabo. Kuberako bagomba kwihanganira imitwaro minini ihagaritse kandi itambitse, kandi kubera ko ikeneye uburebure bwinyubako nuburebure, ibipimo fatizo byibikoresho ni binini kuruta ibyo kumurongo. Ku nyubako z'amagorofa menshi cyangwa ahacururizwa (inkuru 3-6, uburebure bwa 8-15m), ibipimo by'icyuma H-igice gikunze gukoreshwa ku nkingi kuva H400 × 200 × 8 × 13 kugeza H800 × 300 × 10 × 16; Ibipimo by'icyuma cya H gikunze gukoreshwa kumirongo iri hagati ya H450 × 200 × 9 × 14 kugeza H700 × 300 × 10 × 16. Mu nyubako ndende-yubakishijwe ibyuma (hejuru yinkuru 6), inkingi zirashobora gukoresha ibyuma bisudira H-igice cyuma cyangwa agasanduku k'icyuma. Agasanduku k'icyuma gipimo gisanzwe kiva kuri 400 × 400 × 12 × 12 kugeza 800 × 800 × 20 × 20 kugirango tunonosore imiterere yinyuma kandi ihamye muri rusange.
- Ibyuma
Ibikoresho fatizo bisanzwe kubanyamuryango ba truss harimo ibyuma byinguni, ibyuma byumuyoboro, I-beam, hamwe nu miyoboro yicyuma. Inguni y'icyuma ikoreshwa cyane mubyuma bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwambukiranya ibice kandi byoroshye guhuza. Ingano isanzwe iri hagati ya ∠50 × 5 kugeza kuri 125 × 10. Kubanyamuryango bafite imitwaro myinshi, ibyuma byumuyoboro cyangwa I-beam birakoreshwa. Ingano yicyuma kiringaniye kiva kuri [14 kugeza kuri 30, na I-beam ingana kuva I16 kugeza I40.) Muri truss ndende ndende (intera irenga 30m), imiyoboro yicyuma ikoreshwa nkabanyamuryango kugirango bagabanye uburemere bwimiterere kandi bitezimbere imikorere yimitingito. Diameter yimiyoboro yicyuma muri rusange iri hagati ya Φ89 × 4 kugeza 1919 × 8, kandi ibikoresho ni Q345B cyangwa Q235B.
- Umuyoboro w'icyuma
Abanyamuryango ba gride ya gride yubatswe cyane cyane mumiyoboro yicyuma, ikozwe muri Q235B na Q345B. Ingano ya pipe igenwa na grid span, ingano ya gride, hamwe nuburyo ibintu bitwara. Kubikoresho bya gride ifite uburebure bwa 15-30m (nka salle ntoya nini nini yo gutegereza hamwe na kanopi), diameter isanzwe ya diameter ni Φ48 × 3.5 kugeza Φ114 × 4.5. Kubirometero birenga 30m (nkibisenge binini bya stade hamwe nigisenge cyikibuga cyindege), diameter yicyuma cyiyongera bikwiranye, mubisanzwe kugeza kuri Φ114 × 4.5 kugeza kuri 168 × 6. Imiyoboro ya gride isanzwe ihindagurika cyangwa isudira hamwe. Diameter yumupira uhujwe ugenwa numubare wabanyamuryango nubushobozi bwumutwaro, mubisanzwe kuva kuri 100 kugeza 300.
Sobanura ibyangombwa byo kubaka hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa
Mbere yo kugura imiterere yicyuma, ugomba kubanza gusobanura intego yinyubako, uburebure, uburebure, umubare w'amagorofa, hamwe n'ibidukikije (nk'ubukonje bw'imitingito, umuvuduko w'umuyaga, n'umutwaro wa shelegi). Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha busaba imikorere itandukanye kuva ibyuma. Kurugero, ahantu hashobora kwibasirwa n’umutingito, ibyuma bya gride cyangwa ibyuma byubatswe hamwe nibishobora guhangana n’ibiza. Kuri stade nini-stade, trusses cyangwa ibyuma bya gride birakwiriye. Byongeye kandi, ubushobozi bwo kwikorera imitwaro yuburyo bwibyuma bigomba kugenwa hashingiwe kumiterere yinyubako (nk'imizigo yapfuye n'imizigo nzima) kugirango harebwe niba ibyuma byatoranijwe byujuje ibisabwa kugirango inyubako ikoreshwe.
Gusuzuma Ubwiza bw'Icyuma n'imikorere
Icyuma nicyo kintu cyibanze cyibikoresho byubaka, kandi ubwiza bwacyo nibikorwa bikora bigira ingaruka kumutekano no kuramba kwicyuma. Mugihe ugura ibyuma, hitamo ibicuruzwa byakozwe nababikora bazwi bafite ibyemezo byubuziranenge. Witondere byumwihariko ubwiza bwibikoresho (nka Q235B, Q345B, nibindi), imiterere yubukanishi (nkimbaraga zumusaruro, imbaraga zingana, no kuramba), hamwe nibigize imiti. Imikorere yibyiciro bitandukanye byibyuma biratandukanye cyane. Q345B ibyuma bifite imbaraga zirenze Q235B kandi birakwiriye muburyo busaba ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu byinshi. Ku rundi ruhande, ibyuma bya Q235B, bifite plastike nziza n’ubukomere kandi birakwiriye ku nyubako zifite ibyifuzo bimwe na bimwe by’ibiza. Byongeye kandi, genzura ibyuma bisa kugirango wirinde inenge nko gucamo, gushiramo, no kunama.
Itsinda rya Royal Steel Group rizobereye mugushushanya nibikoresho byububiko.Dutanga ibyuma mu bihugu byinshi n'uturere twinshi, harimo Arabiya Sawudite, Kanada, na Guatemala.Twishimiye kubaza kubakiriya bashya kandi bariho.
Aderesi
Inganda ziterambere rya Kangsheng,
Intara ya Wuqing, umujyi wa Tianjin, Ubushinwa.
Amasaha
Ku wa mbere-Ku cyumweru: Serivise y'amasaha 24
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-14-2025