Ohereza ibyo ukeneye (urwego, ingano, ingano, aho ugiye), maze itsinda ryacu rizaguha igiciro cy’umwuga mu masaha 12.
Umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karuboni udafite umugozi wihariye API 5L Gr. B/X42/X52/X65/ X70 Pls1 Psl2 Line Pipe
| Ikiranga | Ibisobanuro birambuye |
| Ibyiciro by'icyuma | Iboneka muriUmuyoboro w'icyuma wa API 5LIcyiciro cya B, X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, na X80 |
| Urwego rw'Ibisobanuro | Bitangwa hakurikijwe amahame ya PSL1 na PSL2 |
| Ingano y'inyuma | Ishobora kuva kuri 1/2” kugeza kuri 40”, harimo ingano zisanzwe nka 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”, 18”, 20”, na 24” |
| Ubunini bw'urukuta | Ikubiyemo SCH 10, SCH 20, SCH 40, STD, SCH 80, XS, kugeza kuri SCH 160 |
| Uburyo bwo gukora | Bikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butagira umugozi (bushyushye buzinze cyangwa bukonje), ERW, na SAW (harimo LSAW, DSAW, SSAW, na HSAW) |
| Imiterere y'ibyo umuntu asabwa gutanga | Bitangwa mu buryo buzinze, busanzwe, buzimye kandi bushyushye, cyangwa butunganyijwe mu buryo bukoresha ikirere |
| Impera z'imiyoboro | Itangwa n'impera zigonganye cyangwa impera zisanzwe uko bikenewe |
| Uburebure | Iboneka muri SRL, DRL, uburebure busanzwe bwa 20FT (6m), 40FT (12m), cyangwa uburebure bwihariye iyo ubisabye. |
| Uburinzi bw'iherezo | Ifite imipfundikizo ya pulasitiki cyangwa icyuma kugira ngo irindwe mu gihe cyo kuyitwara |
| Ubuvuzi bw'ubuso | Amahitamo arimo ubusa, irangi ryasizwe, irangi ry'umukara, irangi rya FBE, 3PE (3LPE), 3PP, CWC, cyangwa CRA lining/cladding |
| Porogaramu | Ikoreshwa cyane mu gutwara peteroli na gaze, imiyoboro y'amazi, imishinga y'ingufu, n'izindi nganda zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi |
Umuyoboro wa API 5Lni ubwoko bw'umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karuboni ukoreshwa cyane mu nganda za peteroli na gaze mu gutanga serivisi zo kohereza. Naho ku bindi binyabiziga (atari peteroli na gaze) umwuka w'amazi, amazi n'ibyondo n'ibindi.
ItsindaIgipimo ngenderwaho cya API 5Lbirimo byombigusudiranaumushororoimiyoboro y'icyuma.
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro isanzwe ishongeshejwe
| Ubwoko | Ibisobanuro | Ingano isanzwe |
| ERW | Ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amashanyarazi | Munsi ya santimetero 24 |
| DSAW / SAW | Ifite impande ebyiri cyangwa uruziga rwometseho umugozi | Dimeteri nini, usibye ERW |
| LSAW | Icukurwa mu cyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa Longitudinal (JCOE) | Kugeza kuri santimetero 48 |
| SSAW / HSAW | Ifite umugozi cyangwa uruziga rwometseho umugozi wometseho | Kugeza santimetero 100 |
Imiyoboro idafite umushono iraboneka kandi kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buryo busaba imbaraga nyinshi cyangwa kurwanya ingese.
Ubwoko bw'imiyoboro idafite umushono:Umuyoboro ushyushye udafite umushonon'Umuyoboro Utagira Umugozi Ukonje
Imiyoboro y'icyuma idakora neza ikoreshwa cyane mu miyoboro mito, akenshi munsi ya santimetero 24. Mu by'ukuri, ikundwa cyane cyane ku miyoboro ifite umurambararo uri munsi ya mm 150 (santimetero 6) bitewe n'imbaraga zayo zidasanzwe, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'umuvuduko, n'imiterere yayo imwe.
Uretse gukora imiyoboro mito isanzwe, tunatanga imiyoboro minini y'icyuma idakora neza kugira ngo ihuze n'ibikenewe byihariye by'ubuhanga.
Binyuze mu buryo bwo gukora imiyoboro ishyushye, imiyoboro idafite umugozi ishobora gukorwa kugeza ku murambararo ntarengwa wa santimetero 508 (508 mm). Ku bisobanuro binini, dukoresha uburyo bwo kwagura imiyoboro ishyushye, butuma habaho imiyoboro idafite umugozi ifite uburebure bwa santimetero 1016 (1016 mm).
Ubu buryo bugezweho bwo gukora butuma n'imiyoboro minini cyane idakora neza ikomeza:
Ubuziranenge busesuye bw'ibipimo
Imikorere myiza cyane ya mekanike
Ubudahangarwa bw'umuvuduko buhamye
Ubwiza bwizewe
Ingaruka zabyo ni uko,umuyoboro udafite umushonoibisubizo bishobora gushyigikira ibikorwa byinshi bigoye, kuva ku nganda zisanzwe kugeza ku mishinga minini y’ingufu n’ibikorwa remezo.
API 5L irimo Icyiciro B, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X42, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X46, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X52, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X56, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X60, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X65, Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X70, n'Umuyoboro wa Api 5l X80. Uko igipimo kigenda cyiyongera, ibisabwa bigenda birushaho gukomera—cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'imiterere ya karuboni n'iy'imashini—kugira ngo habeho ibisabwa by'imiyoboro ifite umuvuduko mwinshi kandi y'ingenzi.
Ku rwego rumwe, hari itandukaniro hagati y’imiyoboro idakora neza n’isutswe mu buryo bw’imiti. Imiyoboro isutswe ikunze kugabanya urugero rwa karuboni na sulfur kugira ngo irusheho gusudira neza kandi ikore neza mu gihe cy’isukurwa ry’umuvuduko mwinshi.
Imiterere ya chimique ya PSL 1 ifite t ≤ 0.984” | |||||||
| Ingano y'icyuma | Igice cy'ubunini, % hashingiwe ku bushyuhe n'isesengura ry'ibicuruzwa a, g | ||||||
| C | Mn | P | S | V | Nb | Ti | |
| hejuru ya b | hejuru ya b | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | |
| Umuyoboro Udacometse | |||||||
| A | 0.22 | 0.9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | – | – | – |
| B | 0.28 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | c,d | c,d | d |
| X42 | 0.28 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X46 | 0.28 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X52 | 0.28 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X56 | 0.28 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X60 | 0.28 e | 1.40 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| X65 | 0.28 e | 1.40 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| X70 | 0.28 e | 1.40 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| Umuyoboro ushongeshejwe | |||||||
| A | 0.22 | 0.9 | 0.03 | 0.03 | – | – | – |
| B | 0.26 | 1.2 | 0.03 | 0.03 | c,d | c,d | d |
| X42 | 0.26 | 1.3 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X46 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X52 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X56 | 0.26 | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.03 | d | d | d |
| X60 | 0.26 e | 1.40 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| X65 | 0.26 e | 1.45 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| X70 | 0.26e | 1.65 e | 0.03 | 0.03 | f | f | f |
| a. Cu ≤ = 0,50% Ni; ≤ 0,50%; Cr ≤ 0,50%; na Mo ≤ 0,15%, | |||||||
| b. Kuri buri gabanuka rya 0.01% ry'umubare ntarengwa wa C, umubare ntarengwa wa Mn wemerewe kwiyongeraho 0.05% hamwe n'aho imipaka ntarengwa ya 1.65% ku manota ≥ L245 (B) na ≤ L360 (X52), 1.75% ku manota > L360 (X52) na < L485 (X70), na 2.00% ku manota L485 (X70). | |||||||
| c. Keretse byemejwe ukundi NB + V ≤ 0.06%, | |||||||
| d. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%, | |||||||
| e. Keretse iyo byumvikanyweho ukundi., | |||||||
| f. Keretse byemejwe ukundi, NB + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%, | |||||||
| g. Nta kongeramo B ku bushake byemewe kandi B isigaye ≤ 0.001% | |||||||
| Imiterere ya chimique y'umuyoboro wa PSL 2 ifite t ≤ 0.984” | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Ingano y'icyuma | Igice cy'ubunini, % hashingiwe ku bushyuhe n'isesengura ry'ibicuruzwa | Ikigereranyo cya karuboni | |||||||||||||||||||
| C | Si | Mn | P | S | V | Nb | Ti | Ibindi | CE IIW | CE Pcm | |||||||||||
| hejuru ya b | umubare ntarengwa | hejuru ya b | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | umubare ntarengwa | ||||||||||||
| Umuyoboro utagira umushongi kandi ushongeshejwe | |||||||||||||||||||||
| BR | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.015 | c | c | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X42R | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| BN | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.015 | c | c | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X42N | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X46N | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | d,e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X52N | 0.24 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.04 | d,e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X56N | 0.24 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.10f | 0.05 | 0.04 | d,e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X60N | 0.24f | 0.45f | 1.40f | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.10f | 0.05f | 0.04f | g,h,l | Nkuko byemejwe | |||||||||||
| BQ | 0.18 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X42Q | 0.18 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X46Q | 0.18 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X52Q | 0.18 | 0.45 | 1.5 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X56Q | 0.18 | 0.45f | 1.5 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X60Q | 0.18f | 0.45f | 1.70f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X65Q | 0.18f | 0.45f | 1.70f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X70Q | 0.18f | 0.45f | 1.80f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X80Q | 0.18f | 0.45f | 1.90f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | i,j | Nkuko byemejwe | |||||||||||
| X90Q | 0.16f | 0.45f | 1.9 | 0.02 | 0.01 | g | g | g | j,k | Nkuko byemejwe | |||||||||||
| X100Q | 0.16f | 0.45f | 1.9 | 0.02 | 0.01 | g | g | g | j,k | Nkuko byemejwe | |||||||||||
| Umuyoboro ushongeshejwe | |||||||||||||||||||||
| BM | 0.22 | 0.45 | 1.2 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X42M | 0.22 | 0.45 | 1.3 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X46M | 0.22 | 0.45 | 1.3 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X52M | 0.22 | 0.45 | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | d | d | d | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X56M | 0.22 | 0.45f | 1.4 | 0.025 | 0.015 | d | d | d | e,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X60M | 0.12f | 0.45f | 1.60f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X65M | 0.12f | 0.45f | 1.60f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X70M | 0.12f | 0.45f | 1.70f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | h,l | 0.43 | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X80M | 0.12f | 0.45f | 1.85f | 0.025 | 0.015 | g | g | g | i,j | .043f | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X90M | 0.1 | 0.55f | 2.10f | 0.02 | 0.01 | g | g | g | i,j | – | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| X100M | 0.1 | 0.55f | 2.10f | 0.02 | 0.01 | g | g | g | i,j | – | 0.25 | ||||||||||
| a. Imipaka ya CE ya SMLS t>0.787” igomba kuba nk'uko byumvikanyweho. Imipaka ya CEIIW ikoreshwa kuri C > 0.12% n'imipaka ya CEPcm irakurikizwa niba C ≤ 0.12%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| b. Igipimo cyemewe cya manganese (Mn) kigomba kongerwaho 0.05% kuri buri gipimo cya karuboni (C) kigabanukaho 0.01% munsi y’igipimo ntarengwa cyagenwe, imbibi zo hejuru za 1.65% ku bipimo ≥ L245 (B) na ≤ L360 (X52), 1.75% ku bipimo > L360 (X52) na < L485 (X70), 2.00% ku bipimo ≥ L485 (X70) na ≤ L555 (X80), na 2.20% ku bipimo > L555 (X80). | |||||||||||||||||||||
| c. Keretse byemejwe ukundi Nb = V ≤ 0.06%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| d. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| e. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50%; Ni ≤ 0,30% Cr ≤ 0,30% na Mo ≤ 0,15%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| f. Keretse iyo byumvikanyweho ukundi, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| g. Keretse byemejwe ukundi, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| h. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 0,50% Cr ≤ 0,50% na MO ≤ 0,50%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| i. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0,50% na MO ≤ 0,50%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| j. B ≤ 0.004%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| k. Keretse niba byumvikanyweho ukundi, Cu ≤ 0,50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55% na MO ≤ 0,80%, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| l. Ku manota yose ya PSL 2 uretse ayo manota afite ibisobanuro bya j byavuzwe, ibi bikurikira birakurikizwa. Keretse iyo byemejwe ukundi nta kongeramo B ku bushake byemewe kandi B isigaye ≤ 0.001%. | |||||||||||||||||||||
PSL1
Icyiciro cya A: Bikozwe nk'uko byazinguruwe, bisanzwe, cyangwa bisanzwe
Icyiciro cya B: Izungurutse nk'uko byazingurutse, izungurutse/yakozwe mu buryo bwa thermomechanical, izungurutse/yakozwe mu buryo bwa thermomechanical, izungurutse, izungurutse & yahinduwe, cyangwa Q&T (SMLS by agreement)
X42–X70: Izungurutse uko yakabaye, izungurutse uko yakabaye, izungurutse uko yakabaye, izungurutse uko yakabaye, cyangwa izungurutse uko yakabaye
PSL2
R (Izinguruwe nk'uko byakozwe): BR, X42R
N (Isanzwe / Ifite imiterere): BN, X42N, X46N, X52N, X56N, X60N
Q (Yazimye kandi ishyushye): BQ, X42Q, X46Q, X56Q, X60Q, X65Q, X70Q, X80Q, X90Q, X100Q
M (Thermomechanical): BM, X42M, X46M, X56M, X60M, X65M, X70M, X80M
Ingufu nyinshi M: X90M, X100M, X120M
Icyitonderwa: Muri PSL2, inyuguti y'ibanze (R, N, Q, M) ni kimwe mu bigize amanota.
PSL (Urwego rugaragaza ibicuruzwa) igabanyijemo PSL1 na PSL2, kandi ishobora kumvikana nk'urwego rw'ubuziranenge butandukanye.
Ibyo byombi bitandukanye atari mu bisabwa mu igenzura gusa, ahubwo no mu miterere y’ibinyabutabire n’imikorere ya mekanike. Muri rusange, PSL2 ikoresha uburyo bwo kugenzura buhamye kugira ngo ihuze n’ibisabwa cyane mu gutanga serivisi.
Isuzuma ry'Ingaruka: Ntabwo ari ngombwa kuri PSL1; birakenewe kuri PSL2 (usibye X80 mu bihe bimwe na bimwe)
Gupima bidasenya (NDT): Ntabwo ari itegeko kuri PSL1; birakenewe kuri PSL2
Uburyo bwa NDT nko gupima ultrasound cyangwa radiographic bukoreshwa mu gupima inenge z'imbere no kwemeza ko ibikoresho biri mu bubiko nta kwangiza umuyoboro.
Guhitamo umutanga serivisi mwiza bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gihe cy'umushinga wawe, ikiguzi, n'ubwiza bwawo. Dore ikintu kidutandukanya:
✔ Itangwa ry'ibikoresho rihoraho ku mishinga minini
Dukomeza kugira ubushobozi bwo gukora no kubika ibintu mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo dushyigikire ibyo twatumije byinshi n'imishinga ya EPC y'igihe kirekire nta gutinda.
✔ Urutonde rwuzuye rw'amanota n'ingano
Kuva ku rwego rwa B kugeza kuri X80, imiyoboro idakora neza kandi ivanze (ERW / LSAW / SSAW) iraboneka mu bunini butandukanye n'ibipimo bitandukanye kugira ngo ihuze n'ibisabwa bitandukanye by'imiyoboro.
✔ Igenzura ryimbitse ry'ubuziranenge
Ibicuruzwa byose bikorwa hakurikijwe amahame ya API 5L PSL1 / PSL2, bifite inyandiko zuzuye z’igenzura n’uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibintu kugira ngo harebwe ko ari inyangamugayo mu gukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi.
✔ Ibisubizo byo gusiga irangi bigezweho
Dutanga FBE, 3PE, 3PP, CWC, n'ibirindiro by'imbere, bitanga uburinzi bw'igihe kirekire ku bidukikije byo ku nkombe no ku nkengero z'inyanja.
✔ Gutanga byihuse kandi bihindagurika
Dufite ububiko buteguye neza kandi dufite gahunda nziza yo gukora, twemeza ko igihe cyo kubikoresha kigufi kandi tugashyigikira ibisabwa byihariye (uburebure, gusiga, gupfunyika).
✔ Ubunararibonye ku Isi mu Kohereza mu mahanga
Ubunararibonye bwinshi mu kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, muri Afurika no muri Amerika y'Epfo, hamwe n'ubumenyi burambuye ku mahame mpuzamahanga n'ibikenewe mu mishinga.
✔ Ibiciro by'uruganda bihangana
Itangwa ry’ibikoresho riturutse ku nganda zifite imiterere myiza y’ibiciro, bigufasha gukomeza guhangana mu gupiganwa no kugura.
Shaka igiciro cyihuse
Gupakira no GutangaImiyoboro y'icyuma ya API 5L
1. Ipaki isanzwe: Iyo ifatanye n'insinga z'icyuma, ikomeye kandi ikomeye.
2. Ubundi buryo bwo gupakira: Irinda ingese cyangwa gupakira byihariye birashobora gutangwa uko ubishakiye.
Icyitonderwa:
1. Irinde ko umuyoboro wangirika, gusohoka, gucibwa mu gihe cyo kuwutwara, kuwubika no kuwukoresha.
2. Itondere ingamba zo kwirinda inkongi z'umuriro, guturika, n'impanuka z'uburozi.
3. Ntugashyire akaremangingo ahantu hashyushye cyane cyangwa hashobora kwangiza (niba ukeneye kubikora muri ubwo buryo, hitamo umuyoboro urwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa urwanya ingese).
4. Hitamo ibikoresho by'imiyoboro, n'ibipimo bikwiranye n'ikirere, Hagati, Umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe.
5. Kora igenzura n'ibizamini bikenewe mbere yo kubikoresha kugira ngo urebe ko bihuye n'ubuziranenge.
Ubwikorezi:Kohereza mu buryo bwa "Express", "Air, Gari ya moshi", "Land", "Swimming" (FCL cyangwa LCL cyangwa Bulk)
Q1: Uri uruganda cyangwa ikigo cy'ubucuruzi?
A: Turi abakora ibicuruzwa byaUmuyoboro w'icyuma wa API 5L,umuyoboro udafite umushongi,ERW, LSAW, DSAW, SSAW, HSAW ufite icyemezo cyuzuye.
Q2: Ese ushobora gutanga ibiciro bitaziguye ku ruganda?
A: Yego, nk'uruganda dushobora kuguha igiciro cy'uruganda ruhendutse nta bakozi baciriritse, bizagufasha kugabanya amafaranga ku mishinga yawe.
Q3: Mwambwira niba mufite ububiko bwihutirwa bwo gutumiza?
A: Yego, dufite ububiko bunini bw'ibicuruzwa bisanzwe n'ingano zisanzwe zijyanye n'ibyo ukeneye.
Q4: Ese ushobora gutanga inyandiko n'ibyemezo byo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga?
A: Nta gushidikanya. Dutanga ibyangombwa byose bisabwa byo kohereza no gupima (ibyemezo by'ibizamini bya API 5L, ibyemezo by'inganda, raporo za chimique na mekanike n'izindi nyandiko zose nk'uko bisabwa n'amategeko agenga itumizwa mu mahanga).
Q5: Ese ushobora gutanga ibisobanuro byihariye?
A: Yego, dushobora guhindura OD, ubugari bw'urukuta, uburebure n'amatafari uko bikenewe.











