Amakuru - Umuyoboro wibyuma bya peteroli: Ibikoresho, ibyiza, nubunini busanzwe

Mu nganda nini za peteroli,Amavuta imiyoboro y'ibyuma igira uruhare runini, ikora nk'ingenzi mu itangwa rya peteroli na gaze gasanzwe biva mu kuzimu kugeza kubakoresha amaherezo. Kuva ibikorwa byo gucukura mumirima ya peteroli na gaze kugeza inzira ndende yo gutwara imiyoboro, ubwoko butandukanyeAmavuta imiyoboro y'icyuma, hamwe nibikoresho byihariye hamwe nibintu byabo, menya neza imikorere myiza yinganda zose. Iyi ngingo izibanda kumuyoboro wibyuma bya karubone, umuyoboro wicyuma udafite kashe, numuyoboro wicyuma wa API 5L (umuyoboro wibyuma wujuje ubuziranenge bwa API 5L), harimo ingero zisanzwe nkumuyoboro wa API 5L X70, umuyoboro wa API 5L X60, numuyoboro wa API 5L X52, utanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubikoresho, imitungo, nubunini busanzwe bwaAmavuta imiyoboro y'icyuma.

Umuyoboro wa API 5L Umuyoboro w'ingenzi wo gutwara ingufu

Isesengura ry'ibikoresho

1. Umuyoboro wa Carbone

Umuyoboro wa karubone ni kimwe mu bikoresho bikoreshwa cyane kuriAmavuta imiyoboro y'icyuma. Igizwe ahanini nicyuma na karubone, hamwe na manganese nkeya, silikoni, sulfure, na fosifore. Ibirimo bya karubone bigena imbaraga nubukomezi bwibyuma. Muri rusange, karubone nyinshi yongerera imbaraga ibyuma, ariko gukomera no gusudira bigabanuka. Mu nganda za peteroli, umuyoboro wa karubone utanga imikorere myiza muri rusange. Ntabwo ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo guhangana n’umuvuduko w’ubwikorezi bwa peteroli na gaze, ariko kandi ifite urwego runaka rukomeye rwo guhangana n’ibidukikije bigoye. Byongeye kandi, umuyoboro wibyuma bya karubone uhendutse cyane kandi utanga ikiguzi kinini, bigatuma ukoreshwa cyane mumiyoboro ya peteroli na gaze.

2. API 5L Ibikoresho by'uruhererekane rw'ibyuma

API 5L Umuyoboro wibyuma wakozwe ukurikije igipimo cya API 5L cyashyizweho n’ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe peteroli (API) kandi gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu miyoboro ya peteroli na gaze. Uru ruhererekane rw'icyuma rushyizwe mubyiciro bitandukanye ukurikije imbaraga z'icyuma, nka X52, X60, na X70. Kurugero, API 5L X52 Umuyoboro wakozwe mubyuma-bikomeye-byuma-byuma. Usibye ibintu by'ibanze nka karubone n'icyuma, birimo ibintu bivanga nka niobium, vanadium, na titanium. Kwiyongera kwibi bintu bivanga byongera cyane imbaraga zicyuma nubukomezi, mugihe binatezimbere gusudira no kurwanya ruswa. Ibikoresho bya Api 5l X60 Umuyoboro na Api 5l X70 Umuyoboro urarushijeho kuba mwiza ukurikije iyi fondasiyo. Muguhindura ibipimo bigereranya hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, imbaraga zicyuma nibikorwa muri rusange birusheho kwiyongera, bikabasha kuzuza ibyifuzo byubwikorezi bwa peteroli na gaze mugihe cyumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nibikorwa bigoye.

3. Umuyoboro w'icyuma

Umuyoboro udafite ibyuma bikozwe muburyo bwo gutobora no kuzunguruka. Ibikoresho byayo birasa cyane nu muyoboro wa karuboni wavuzwe haruguru hamwe nu muyoboro w’icyuma cya Api 5l, ariko imiterere yihariye yimikorere yacyo itanga inyungu zidasanzwe. Umuyoboro w'icyuma udafite ubudodo ntusudira ku rukuta rwawo, bivamo imiterere rusange n'imbaraga nyinshi. Irashobora kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe n’ibidukikije bikabije. Kubwibyo, isanzwe ikoreshwa mubikorwa bya peteroli mubisabwa bisaba gukora cyane, nk'umuvuduko ukabije wa peteroli na gazi hamwe n'amasoko.

Ibiranga n'ibiranga

1. Imbaraga

Imbaraga ni umutungo wingenzi wimiyoboro ya peteroli, bigira ingaruka kumutekano wabo mugihe cyo gutwara peteroli na gaze. Urwego rwimbaraga za API 5l urukurikirane rwibyuma byerekanwa numubare ukurikira "X." Kurugero, X52 yerekana imbaraga nkeya yumusaruro wa 52 ksi (kilopound kuri santimetero kare), bihwanye na MPa hafi 360 muri megapascal; X60 ifite imbaraga nkeya yumusaruro wa 60 ksi (hafi 414 MPa); na X70 ifite imbaraga byibura umusaruro wa 70 ksi (hafi 483 MPa). Mugihe urwego rwimbaraga rwiyongera, umuvuduko umuyoboro urashobora kwihanganira kwiyongera ukurikije, bigatuma bikwiranye numuyoboro wa peteroli na gaze hamwe nibisabwa bitandukanye. Umuyoboro udafite ibyuma, bitewe nuburyo bumwe hamwe no gukwirakwiza imbaraga zihamye, ukora neza mugihe uhanganye numuvuduko mwinshi.

2. Kurwanya ruswa

Gutwara peteroli na gaze karemano bishobora kuba birimo itangazamakuru ryangirika nka hydrogen sulfide na karuboni ya dioxyde, bityo imiyoboro ya peteroli igomba kuba ifite urwego runaka rwo kurwanya ruswa. Umuyoboro w'icyuma cya karubone usanzwe ufite intege nke zo kurwanya ruswa, ariko irwanya ruswa irashobora kunozwa cyane hiyongereyeho ibintu bivangavanze (nka chromium na molybdenum muri seriveri ya Api 5l) no gukoresha uburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa (nko gutwikira no gufata amasahani). Binyuze muburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya no gutunganya, Api 5l X70 Umuyoboro, X60 Umuyoboro, na X52 Umuyoboro, hamwe nibindi, bikomeza ubuzima bumara igihe kirekire mubidukikije.

3. Gusudira

Mugihe cyo kubaka imiyoboro ya peteroli, imiyoboro yicyuma igomba guhuzwa no gusudira, bigatuma gusudira ari ikintu cyingenzi cyumuyoboro wibyuma bya peteroli. Api 5l ikurikirana ibyuma byabugenewe byabugenewe byo gusudira neza, byemeza imbaraga nubukomezi bwingingo. Isuderi ryiza cyane rishobora kandi kugerwaho hifashishijwe umuyoboro wibyuma bya karubone hamwe numuyoboro wicyuma udafite kashe ukoresheje tekinoroji yo gusudira.

Wige byinshi kubyerekeranye namavuta akoreshwa, itandukaniro riva mumiyoboro ya API, nibiranga

Ingano rusange

1. Diameter yo hanze

Imiyoboro ya peteroli ya peteroli iza muburyo butandukanye bwa diametre yo hanze kugirango ihuze ibyifuzo bitandukanye byo gutwara abantu. Ubunini busanzwe bwa diameter yo hanze ya Api 5L ikurikirana ibyuma birimo 114.3mm (santimetero 4), 168.3mm (santimetero 6,625), 219.1mm (santimetero 8,625), 273.1mm (santimetero 10,75), 323.9mm (santimetero 12,75), 355.6mm (14cm), 406.4mm (santimetero 16), 457.2mm (18 cm) Ingano ya diameter yo hanze yimiyoboro idafite ibyuma isa niy'uruhererekane rwa Api 5L, ariko ingano itari isanzwe nayo irashobora gukorwa kugirango ihuze ibyo abakiriya bakeneye.

2. Uburebure bw'urukuta

Ubunini bw'urukuta ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku mbaraga n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara imitwaro y'ibyuma. Ubunini bwurukuta rwibikomoka kuri peteroli buratandukana bitewe nigipimo cyumuvuduko nibisabwa. Dufashe umuyoboro wa API 5L X52 nkurugero, kuri diameter yo hanze ya 114.3mm, uburebure bwurukuta rusanzwe burimo 4.0mm, 4.5mm, na 5.0mm. Kuri diameter yo hanze ya 219.1mm, uburebure bwurukuta bushobora kuba 6.0mm, 7.0mm, cyangwa 8.0mm. Imiyoboro ya API 5L X60 na X70, kubera imbaraga zabo zisabwa cyane, mubisanzwe ifite urukuta runini kuruta imiyoboro ya X52 ya diametre imwe yo hanze kugirango imbaraga n'umutekano bihagije. Uburebure bwurukuta rwumuyoboro wicyuma rudafite uburinganire burashobora kugenzurwa neza hashingiwe kubikorwa byakozwe nibisabwa nabakiriya, kuva kuri 2mm kugeza kuri milimetero mirongo.

3. Uburebure

Uburebure busanzwe bwa peteroli ya peteroli muri rusange ni metero 6, metero 12, nibindi, kugirango byoroshye ubwikorezi nubwubatsi. Mubikorwa nyabyo, uburebure bwihariye bushobora kandi gukorwa hashingiwe kubisabwa byihariye byumushinga, kugabanya aho gukata no gusudira kumurimo no kunoza imikorere yubwubatsi.

Muncamake, ibikoresho, imitungo, nibipimo bisanzwe byaAmavuta imiyoboro y'ibyuma nibintu byingenzi mugushushanya no kuyishyira mubikorwa. Umuyoboro wa Carbone Umuyoboro, Umuyoboro wicyuma utagira ikizinga, hamwe nu miyoboro yicyuma muriApi 5l Umuyoborourukurikirane, nka X70, X60, na X52, buriwese agira uruhare runini mubice bitandukanye byAmavuta inganda kubera inyungu zabo zidasanzwe. Hamwe niterambere rihoraho ryaAmavuta inganda, imikorere nibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge kuriAmavuta imiyoboro y'ibyuma iragenda ikomera. Mugihe kizaza, byinshi-byimikorereAmavuta imiyoboro y'ibyuma izatezwa imbere kandi ishyirwe mubikorwa kugirango ihuze ibikenewe byakazi bigoye hamwe nintera ndende, ubwikorezi bwumuvuduko mwinshi.